Canadian Climate Normals 1981-2010 Station Data

Temperature and Precipitation Graph

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Temperature and Precipitation Graph for 1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals
MONTREAL/PIERRE ELLIOTT TRUDEAU INTL A

Symbol	Description
	Daily Maximum Temperature (°C)
	Daily Average Temperature (°C)
	Daily Minimum Temperature (°C)
	Precipitation (mm)

Normals Data

The minimum number of years used to calculate these Normals is indicated by a code for each element. A "+" beside an extreme date indicates that this date is the first occurrence of the extreme value. Values and dates in bold indicate all-time extremes for the location.

Data used in the calculation of these Normals may be subject to further quality assurance checks. This may result in minor changes to some values presented here.

MONTREAL/PIERRE ELLIOTT TRUDEAU INTL A *
QUEBEC

45°28'00.000" N

73°45'00.000" W

36.00 m

7025250

71627

YUL

* This station meets WMO standards for temperature and precipitation.

Temperature

1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals station data
Temperature
	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year	Code
Daily Average (°C)	-9.7	-7.7	-2.0	6.4	13.4	18.6	21.2	20.1	15.5	8.5	2.1	-5.4	6.8	A
Standard Deviation	3.3	2.7	2.1	1.6	1.6	1.3	1.0	1.2	1.5	1.4	1.6	3.0	0.9	A
Daily Maximum (°C)	-5.3	-3.2	2.5	11.6	18.9	23.9	26.3	25.3	20.6	13.0	5.9	-1.4	11.5	A
Daily Minimum (°C)	-14.0	-12.2	-6.5	1.2	7.9	13.2	16.1	14.8	10.3	3.9	-1.7	-9.3	2.0	A
Extreme Maximum (°C)	13.9	15.0	25.6	30.0	34.7	35.0	35.6	37.6	33.5	28.3	21.7	18.0
Date (yyyy/dd)	1950/ 25	1981/ 22	1945/ 28	1990/ 27	2010/ 26	1964/ 30	1953/ 17+	1975/ 01	1999/ 04+	1968/ 02	1948/ 06	2001/ 06
Extreme Minimum (°C)	-37.8	-33.9	-29.4	-15.0	-4.4	0.0	6.1	3.3	-2.2	-7.2	-19.4	-32.4
Date (yyyy/dd)	1957/ 15	1943/ 15	1950/ 04	1954/ 04	1974/ 02	1995/ 05	1982/ 03	1957/ 28+	1951/ 30	1972/ 20	1949/ 27	1980/ 25

Precipitation

1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals station data
Precipitation
	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year	Code
Rainfall (mm)	27.3	20.9	29.7	67.7	81.2	87.0	89.3	94.1	83.1	89.1	76.7	38.8	784.9	A
Snowfall (cm)	49.5	41.2	36.2	12.9	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.8	19.0	48.9	209.5	A
Precipitation (mm)	77.2	62.7	69.1	82.2	81.2	87.0	89.3	94.1	83.1	91.3	96.4	86.8	1000.3	A
Average Snow Depth (cm)	11	13	9	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	7	4	A
Median Snow Depth (cm)	11	13	8	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	7	3	A
Snow Depth at Month-end (cm)	13	11	3	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	10	3	A
Extreme Daily Rainfall (mm)	46.6	31.5	32.4	48.2	45.6	66.5	63.6	73.8	81.9	80.5	93.5	51.2
Date (yyyy/dd)	2006/ 18	1961/ 25	1998/ 09	2006/ 23	2006/ 19	1997/ 21	2005/ 05	2005/ 31	1979/ 14	1995/ 06	1996/ 08	2003/ 11
Extreme Daily Snowfall (cm)	35.8	39.4	43.2	33.9	21.8	0.0	0.0	0.0	6.1	21.2	30.5	41.2
Date (yyyy/dd)	1999/ 15	1954/ 16	1971/ 04	2000/ 09	1963/ 10	1942/ 01+	1942/ 01+	1942/ 01+	1946/ 30	1988/ 22	1944/ 30	2005/ 16
Extreme Daily Precipitation (mm)	47.0	43.4	42.8	48.2	45.6	66.5	63.6	73.8	81.9	80.5	93.5	51.4
Date (yyyy/dd)	2006/ 18	2008/ 01	2001/ 22	2006/ 23	2006/ 19	1997/ 21	2005/ 05	2005/ 31	1979/ 14	1995/ 06	1996/ 08	2003/ 11
Extreme Snow Depth (cm)	61	91	102	44	8	0	0	0	0	15	33	64
Date (yyyy/dd)	1959/ 17+	1958/ 22+	1971/ 12	2001/ 01	1963/ 11	1955/ 01+	1955/ 01+	1955/ 01+	1955/ 01+	1962/ 29	1965/ 22	1970/ 24

Days with Maximum Temperature

1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals station data
Days with Maximum Temperature
	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year	Code
<= 0 °C	23.2	19.2	9.9	0.52	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	4.0	17.2	74.0	A
> 0 °C	7.8	9.0	21.1	29.5	31.0	30.0	31.0	31.0	30.0	31.0	26.0	13.8	291.2	A
> 10 °C	0.14	0.27	3.4	16.9	30.0	30.0	31.0	31.0	29.8	21.6	6.5	0.77	201.3	A
> 20 °C	0.0	0.0	0.10	2.8	11.9	24.0	30.1	28.8	16.6	2.8	0.0	0.0	117.1	A
> 30 °C	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.37	2.2	3.6	2.5	0.68	0.0	0.0	0.0	9.3	A
> 35 °C	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.07	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.07	A

Days with Minimum Temperature

1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals station data
Days with Minimum Temperature
	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year	Code
> 0 °C	1.1	1.5	5.0	18.7	30.4	30.0	31.0	31.0	29.8	25.0	11.4	2.6	217.5	A
<= 2 °C	30.7	27.8	29.5	17.6	2.1	0.03	0.0	0.0	0.79	11.5	23.4	30.3	173.6	A
<= 0 °C	29.9	26.7	26.0	11.3	0.57	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.18	6.0	18.6	28.4	147.7	A
< -2 °C	28.9	25.4	21.9	6.3	0.11	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	2.3	13.4	26.0	124.3	A
< -10 °C	21.5	17.4	8.9	0.28	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.4	13.5	62.9	A
< -20 °C	7.6	3.6	0.83	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	2.3	14.3	A
< - 30 °C	0.17	0.07	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.03	0.27	A

Days with Rainfall

1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals station data
Days with Rainfall
	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year	Code
>= 0.2 mm	4.2	4.0	6.9	11.6	13.6	13.3	12.3	11.6	11.1	13.0	11.7	5.9	119.1	A
>= 5 mm	1.7	1.2	2.0	4.5	5.1	5.0	5.2	5.4	4.9	4.9	4.8	2.4	46.9	A
>= 10 mm	0.97	0.73	0.87	2.2	2.8	2.9	2.8	3.4	2.6	2.8	2.3	1.4	25.8	A
>= 25 mm	0.20	0.03	0.03	0.34	0.47	0.73	0.79	0.80	0.83	0.63	0.57	0.17	5.6	A

Days With Snowfall

1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals station data
Days With Snowfall
	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year	Code
>= 0.2 cm	15.3	12.1	9.1	3.2	0.07	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.72	5.4	13.0	58.9	A
>= 5 cm	3.2	2.6	2.2	0.90	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.10	1.3	3.3	13.6	A
>= 10 cm	1.1	1.0	0.93	0.33	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.03	0.57	1.3	5.4	A
>= 25 cm	0.03	0.10	0.13	0.10	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.17	0.53	A

Days with Precipitation

1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals station data
Days with Precipitation
	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year	Code
>= 0.2 mm	16.7	13.7	13.6	12.9	13.6	13.3	12.3	11.6	11.1	13.3	14.8	16.3	163.3	A
>= 5 mm	4.6	3.8	4.5	5.3	5.1	5.0	5.2	5.4	4.9	5.0	5.9	5.3	59.9	A
>= 10 mm	2.4	2.2	2.2	2.7	2.8	2.9	2.8	3.4	2.6	2.8	3.1	3.0	32.9	A
>= 25 mm	0.43	0.10	0.30	0.52	0.47	0.73	0.77	0.80	0.83	0.73	0.73	0.50	6.9	A

Days with Snow Depth

1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals station data
Days with Snow Depth
	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year	Code
>= 1 cm	28.7	26.4	20.0	2.6	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.13	5.0	21.2	104.1	A
>= 5 cm	23.6	20.9	15.0	1.3	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	2.2	16.5	79.6	A
>= 10 cm	15.5	14.1	11.2	0.80	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.67	10.3	52.5	A
>= 20 cm	5.2	7.4	6.0	0.27	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.10	2.4	21.3	A

Wind

1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals station data
Wind
	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year	Code
Speed (km/h)	16.0	15.5	15.6	15.9	14.6	13.2	12.4	11.8	12.6	14.2	15.3	15.6	14.4	A
Most Frequent Direction	W	W	W	W	SW	SW	SW	SW	W	W	W	W	W	A
Maximum Hourly Speed (km/h)	90	80	74	70	72	66	58	55	65	72	76	72
Date (yyyy/dd)	1959/ 22	1961/ 26	1971/ 04+	1977/ 03	1964/ 09	1972/ 22	1956/ 11	1965/ 06	2005/ 29	1979/ 06	1975/ 10	2000/ 18+
Direction of Maximum Hourly Speed	SW	N	NE	W	W	NE	W	N	SW	SW	W	W
Maximum Gust Speed (km/h)	117	138	161	106	103	111	126	105	97	117	113	103
Date (yyyy/dd)	1959/ 22	1956/ 25	1964/ 05	1975/ 19	1956/ 14	1957/ 29	1975/ 02	1966/ 09	1956/ 06	1979/ 06	1989/ 16	1971/ 11+
Direction of Maximum Gust	SW	W	S	W	W	S	W	S	W	SW	S	W

Degree Days

1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals station data
Degree Days
	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year	Code
Above 24 °C	0	0	0	0	0.2	3.4	7.9	5	1.1	0	0	0	17.6	A
Above 18 °C	0	0	0	0.6	10	52.8	104.3	81.2	21.4	0.8	0	0	271.2	A
Above 15 °C	0	0	0	2.8	30.9	115	191.7	159.4	58.8	4.9	0	0	563.5	A
Above 10 °C	0	0	0.5	19.6	116.8	255.6	346.3	311.9	171.5	35.1	2.7	0.1	1,260	A
Above 5 °C	0.5	0.9	7.3	79.5	258.3	405.4	501.3	466.9	317.1	121.2	24.4	1.8	2184.5	A
Above 0 °C	6.6	9.3	45.9	198.2	412.8	555.4	656.3	621.9	467	263.1	96	16.7	3349.3	A
Below 0 °C	310.3	226.7	108.6	5.4	0	0	0	0	0	0.2	32.2	183.4	866.8	A
Below 5 °C	459.1	359.4	225	36.8	0.5	0	0	0	0.1	13.3	110.6	323.4	1528.3	A
Below 10 °C	613.7	499.7	373.2	126.9	14	0.2	0	0	4.5	82.1	239	476.7	2,430	A
Below 15 °C	768.7	640.9	527.7	260	83.1	9.6	0.4	2.5	41.8	207	386.2	631.7	3559.6	A
Below 18 °C	861.7	725.6	620.7	347.9	155.2	37.4	6	17.4	94.4	295.9	476.2	724.7	4,363	A

Evaporation

1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals station data
Evaporation
	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year	Code
Lake Evaporation (mm)					4.2	4.6	4.6	3.8	2.6	1.7

Bright Sunshine

1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals station data
Bright Sunshine
	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year	Code
Total Hours	101.2	127.8	164.3	178.3	228.9	240.3	271.5	246.3	182.2	143.5	83.6	83.6	2051.3	D
Days with measurable	21.2	21.8	25.6	25.3	28.3	28.2	30.0	29.6	26.8	26.5	21.0	20.9	305.2	D
% of possible daylight hours	35.7	43.7	44.6	44.0	49.6	51.3	57.3	56.3	48.3	42.2	29.2	30.7	44.4	D
Extreme Daily	9.3	10.7	11.8	13.6	14.6	14.9	14.8	14.2	12.7	10.9	9.8	8.6
Date (yyyy/dd)	2000/ 29	1978/ 28	1971/ 31+	2000/ 30	1970/ 28	1970/ 12+	1994/ 11	1987/ 01	1986/ 01+	1983/ 10	1987/ 02	1999/ 01

Humidex

1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals station data
Humidex
	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year	Code
Extreme Humidex	13.5	14.7	23.2	33.8	39.7	45.0	45.8	46.8	42.8	33.5	24.6	18.1
Date (yyyy/dd)	1996/ 19	1981/ 22	1977/ 30	2002/ 16	2010/ 26	1953/ 21	2002/ 02	1975/ 01	1953/ 04	1967/ 03	1971/ 02	1982/ 04
Days with Humidex >= 30	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.1	1.8	8.8	17.0	13.7	4.4	0.3	0.0	0.0	46.1	A
Days with Humidex >= 35	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.4	3.0	6.1	4.7	1.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	15.1	A
Days with Humidex >= 40	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.5	1.4	0.6	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	2.5	A

Wind Chill

1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals station data
Wind Chill
	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year	Code
Extreme Wind Chill (°C)	-49	-46	-43	-26	-10	0	0	0	-5	-11	-31	-46
Date (yyyy/dd)	1976/ 23	1967/ 12	2003/ 03	1995/ 05	1978/ 01	1953/ 01+	1953/ 01+	1953/ 01+	2000/ 28	1976/ 26	1958/ 30	1980/ 25
Days with Wind Chill < -20	16.7	12.2	4.8	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.2	8.3	42.2	A
Days with Wind Chill < -30	5.3	1.7	0.5	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.4	8.8	A
Days with Wind Chill < -40	0.6	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.7	A

Humidity

1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals station data
Humidity
	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year	Code
Average Vapour Pressure (kPa)	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.6	1	1.5	1.8	1.7	1.4	0.9	0.6	0.4	0.9	A
Average Relative Humidity - 0600LST (%)	74.6	73.5	73.1	72.4	73.6	78	81	84.7	86.3	83.7	80.8	79.3	78.4	A
Average Relative Humidity - 1500LST (%)	68.1	63.4	58.3	51.9	51.4	55.3	56.1	56.8	59.7	62	68	71.4	60.2	A

Pressure

1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals station data
Pressure
	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year	Code
Average Station Pressure (kPa)	101.2	101.3	101.2	101	101	100.8	100.9	101.1	101.2	101.3	101.2	101.2	101.1	A
Average Sea Level Pressure (kPa)	101.7	101.7	101.6	101.4	101.4	101.3	101.3	101.5	101.7	101.7	101.7	101.7	101.6	A

Radiation

1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals station data
Radiation
	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year	Code
Diffuse - RF2 (MJ/m2)	94	130	188			267		231	165	125	89	72
Extreme Global - RF1 (MJ/m2)	11	17	23	28	31	32	31	27	23	18	12	8
Date (yyyy/dd)	1994/ 31	1992/ 29	1994/ 30	1992/ 26	1997/ 27	1994/ 10	1993/ 01	1995/ 08	1992/ 02	1995/ 01	1993/ 02	1989/ 01
Extreme Diffuse - RF2 (MJ/m2)	6	9	13	14	14	14	15	13	11	8	5	4
Date (yyyy/dd)	1993/ 29	1990/ 25	1998/ 23	1989/ 24	1997/ 29	1992/ 05	1993/ 05	1989/ 11	1990/ 21	1993/ 05	1990/ 13	1992/ 27

Visibility (hours with)

1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals station data
Visibility (hours with)
	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year	Code
< 1 km	7.6	6.8	9.1	3.3	1.3	0.8	0.2	0.8	1.8	4.9	4.3	7.1	47.9	C
1 to 9 km	145.7	113.7	90.7	56.8	36.5	39.5	36.5	49.2	42.4	60.1	98.5	136.6	906.3	C
> 9 km	590.7	556.3	644.3	659.9	706.2	679.7	707.3	694	675.8	679	617.3	600.3	7810.6	C

Cloud Amount (hours with)

1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals station data
Cloud Amount (hours with)
	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year	Code
0 to 2 tenths	182.3	194	220	181.7	181.4	180.4	196.9	209.1	219.4	188.3	130.3	155.2	2239.1	C
3 to 7 tenths	94.4	96.1	103.4	121.1	152.8	178.7	205.3	204.7	158.2	125.5	102.7	97	1639.9	C
8 to 10 tenths	467.3	386.7	420.6	417.2	409.8	360.9	341.9	330.2	342.5	430.1	487	491.8	4885.9	C

Frost-Free

1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals station data
Frost-Free
	Date/Days	Code
Average Date of Last Spring Frost	Apr 29	A
Average Date of First Fall Frost	Oct 12	A
Average Length of Frost-Free Period	165 Days	A

1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals station data
Frost-Free
Probability of last temperature in spring <= 0°C, on or after (Date)	10%	25%	33%	50%	66%	75%	90%
Date	May 15	May 08	May 06	Apr 29	Apr 27	Apr 25	Apr 19
Probability of first temperature in fall <= 0°C, on or before (Date)	10%	25%	33%	50%	66%	75%	90%
Date	Sep 27	Oct 02	Oct 06	Oct 09	Oct 14	Oct 15	Oct 21
Probability of frost-free period equal to or less than indicated period (Days)	10%	25%	33%	50%	66%	75%	90%
Days	139	152	155	160	165	169	177

Legend

A = WMO "3 and 5 rule" (i.e. no more than 3 consecutive and no more than 5 total missing for either temperature or precipitation)
B = At least 25 years
C = At least 20 years

D = At least 15 years
+ = Most recent occurrence of the extreme value

Station / Element Metadata

Statistics listed below are provided as a guide to determine the validity of Normals and Extremes calculations. For example, a station with 30 years of record between 1981 and 2010 with no missing years would be a more reliable normal than a station with 15 years of record and 2 missing years. Less than 100% possible observations indicates that out of the total number of observations used, some records were missing.

MONTREAL/PIERRE ELLIOTT TRUDEAU INTL A

Province/Territory

Latitude (dd mm):

45 28 N

Country

CAN

Longitude (ddd mm):

73 45 W

Time Zone

EST

Latitude (decimal degrees):

45.47 N

Climate ID:

7025250

Longitude (decimal degrees):

73.75 W

WMO ID:

71627

Elevation (m):

35.97

TC ID:

YUL

Temperature

1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals Element Metadata
Temperature
	Begin Year	End Year	Total Number of Years	Missing Years	Total Count of Observations	% of Possible Observations
Daily Average (°C)	1981	2010	30	0	10934	99.8
Standard Deviation	1981	2010	30	0	10934	99.8
Daily Maximum (°C)	1981	2010	30	0	10935	99.8
Daily Minimum (°C)	1981	2010	30	0	10943	99.9
Extreme Maximum (°C)	1941	2010			25290	99.9
Extreme Minimum (°C)	1941	2010			25293	99.9

Precipitation

1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals Element Metadata
Precipitation
	Begin Year	End Year	Total Number of Years	Missing Years	Total Count of Observations	% of Possible Observations
Rainfall (mm)	1981	2010	30	1	10865	99.2
Snowfall (cm)	1981	2010	30	1	10865	99.2
Precipitation (mm)	1981	2010	30	1	10865	99.2
Average Snow Depth (cm)	1981	2010	30	1	10895	99.7
Median Snow Depth (cm)	1981	2010	30	1	10895	99.7
Snow Depth at Month-end (cm)	1981	2010	30	1	358	99.7
Extreme Daily Rainfall (mm)	1941	2010			25322	100
Extreme Daily Snowfall (cm)	1941	2010			25323	100
Extreme Daily Precipitation (mm)	1941	2010			25323	100
Extreme Snow Depth (cm)	1955	2010			20416	100

Days with Maximum Temperature

1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals Element Metadata
Days with Maximum Temperature
	Begin Year	End Year	Total Number of Years	Missing Years	Total Count of Observations	% of Possible Observations
<= 0 °C	1981	2010	30	2	10651	97.2
> 0 °C	1981	2010	30	2	10651	97.2
> 10 °C	1981	2010	30	2	10651	97.2
> 20 °C	1981	2010	30	2	10651	97.2
> 30 °C	1981	2010	30	2	10651	97.2
> 35 °C	1981	2010	30	2	10651	97.2

Days with Minimum Temperature

1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals Element Metadata
Days with Minimum Temperature
	Begin Year	End Year	Total Number of Years	Missing Years	Total Count of Observations	% of Possible Observations
> 0 °C	1981	2010	30	1	10713	97.8
<= 2 °C	1981	2010	30	1	10713	97.8
<= 0 °C	1981	2010	30	1	10713	97.8
< -2 °C	1981	2010	30	1	10713	97.8
< -10 °C	1981	2010	30	1	10713	97.8
< -20 °C	1981	2010	30	1	10713	97.8
< - 30 °C	1981	2010	30	1	10713	97.8

Days with Rainfall

1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals Element Metadata
Days with Rainfall
	Begin Year	End Year	Total Number of Years	Missing Years	Total Count of Observations	% of Possible Observations
>= 0.2 mm	1981	2010	30	1	10896	99.5
>= 5 mm	1981	2010	30	1	10896	99.5
>= 10 mm	1981	2010	30	1	10896	99.5
>= 25 mm	1981	2010	30	1	10896	99.5

Days With Snowfall

1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals Element Metadata
Days With Snowfall
	Begin Year	End Year	Total Number of Years	Missing Years	Total Count of Observations	% of Possible Observations
>= 0.2 cm	1981	2010	30	1	10926	99.7
>= 5 cm	1981	2010	30	1	10926	99.7
>= 10 cm	1981	2010	30	1	10926	99.7
>= 25 cm	1981	2010	30	1	10926	99.7

Days with Precipitation

1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals Element Metadata
Days with Precipitation
	Begin Year	End Year	Total Number of Years	Missing Years	Total Count of Observations	% of Possible Observations
>= 0.2 mm	1981	2010	30	1	10927	99.7
>= 5 mm	1981	2010	30	1	10927	99.7
>= 10 mm	1981	2010	30	1	10927	99.7
>= 25 mm	1981	2010	30	1	10927	99.7

Days with Snow Depth

1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals Element Metadata
Days with Snow Depth
	Begin Year	End Year	Total Number of Years	Missing Years	Total Count of Observations	% of Possible Observations
>= 1 cm	1981	2010	30	1	10895	99.7
>= 5 cm	1981	2010	30	1	10895	99.7
>= 10 cm	1981	2010	30	1	10895	99.7
>= 20 cm	1981	2010	30	1	10895	99.7

Wind

1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals Element Metadata
Wind
	Begin Year	End Year	Total Number of Years	Missing Years	Total Count of Observations	% of Possible Observations
Speed (km/h)	1981	2010	30	0	262856	100
Most Frequent Direction	1981	2010	30	0	262856	100
Maximum Hourly Speed (km/h)	1953	2010			508304	100
Maximum Gust Speed (km/h)	1955	1995			14487	99.4

Degree Days

1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals Element Metadata
Degree Days
	Begin Year	End Year	Total Number of Years	Missing Years	Total Count of Observations	% of Possible Observations
Above 24 °C	1981	2010	30	2	10651	97.2
Above 18 °C	1981	2010	30	2	10651	97.2
Above 15 °C	1981	2010	30	2	10651	97.2
Above 10 °C	1981	2010	30	2	10651	97.2
Above 5 °C	1981	2010	30	2	10651	97.2
Above 0 °C	1981	2010	30	2	10651	97.2
Below 0 °C	1981	2010	30	2	10651	97.2
Below 5 °C	1981	2010	30	2	10651	97.2
Below 10 °C	1981	2010	30	2	10651	97.2
Below 15 °C	1981	2010	30	2	10651	97.2
Below 18 °C	1981	2010	30	2	10651	97.2

Evaporation

1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals Element Metadata
Evaporation
	Begin Year	End Year	Total Number of Years	Missing Years	Total Count of Observations	% of Possible Observations
Lake Evaporation (mm)	1987	1994	7	2	1188	99.4

Bright Sunshine

1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals Element Metadata
Bright Sunshine
	Begin Year	End Year	Total Number of Years	Missing Years	Total Count of Observations	% of Possible Observations
Total Hours	1981	2008	20	7	162984	93.8
Days with measurable	1981	2008	20	7	162984	93.8
% of possible daylight hours	1981	2008	20	7	162984	93.8
Extreme Daily	1969	2008			262255	96.5

Humidex

1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals Element Metadata
Humidex
	Begin Year	End Year	Total Number of Years	Missing Years	Total Count of Observations	% of Possible Observations
Extreme Humidex	1953	2010			508256	100
Days with Humidex >= 30	1981	2010	30	0	262808	99.9
Days with Humidex >= 35	1981	2010	30	0	262808	99.9
Days with Humidex >= 40	1981	2010	30	0	262808	99.9

Wind Chill

1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals Element Metadata
Wind Chill
	Begin Year	End Year	Total Number of Years	Missing Years	Total Count of Observations	% of Possible Observations
Extreme Wind Chill (°C)	1953	2010			508296	100
Days with Wind Chill < -20	1981	2010	30	0	262848	100
Days with Wind Chill < -30	1981	2010	30	0	262848	100
Days with Wind Chill < -40	1981	2010	30	0	262848	100

Humidity

1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals Element Metadata
Humidity
	Begin Year	End Year	Total Number of Years	Missing Years	Total Count of Observations	% of Possible Observations
Average Vapour Pressure (kPa)	1981	2010	30	0	262808	99.9
Average Relative Humidity - 0600LST (%)	1981	2010	30	0	10950	99.9
Average Relative Humidity - 1500LST (%)	1981	2010	30	0	10953	100

Pressure

1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals Element Metadata
Pressure
	Begin Year	End Year	Total Number of Years	Missing Years	Total Count of Observations	% of Possible Observations
Average Station Pressure (kPa)	1981	2010	30	0	262852	100
Average Sea Level Pressure (kPa)	1981	2010	30	0	262774	99.9

Radiation

1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals Element Metadata
Radiation
	Begin Year	End Year	Total Number of Years	Missing Years	Total Count of Observations	% of Possible Observations
Diffuse - RF2 (MJ/m2)	1988	1998	4	5	18264	25.2
Extreme Global - RF1 (MJ/m2)	1988	1998			90404	93.7
Extreme Diffuse - RF2 (MJ/m2)	1988	1998			88339	91.6

Visibility (hours with)

1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals Element Metadata
Visibility (hours with)
	Begin Year	End Year	Total Number of Years	Missing Years	Total Count of Observations	% of Possible Observations
< 1 km	1981	2010	28	5	219840	83.6
1 to 9 km	1981	2010	28	5	219840	83.6
> 9 km	1981	2010	28	5	219840	83.6

Cloud Amount (hours with)

1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals Element Metadata
Cloud Amount (hours with)
	Begin Year	End Year	Total Number of Years	Missing Years	Total Count of Observations	% of Possible Observations
0 to 2 tenths	1981	2010	28	5	219840	83.6
3 to 7 tenths	1981	2010	28	5	219840	83.6
8 to 10 tenths	1981	2010	28	5	219840	83.6

Frost-Free

1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals Element Metadata
Frost-Free
	Begin Year	End Year	Total Number of Years	Missing Years	Total Count of Observations	% of Possible Observations
Average Date of Last Spring Frost	1981	2010	28	1	28	93.3
Average Date of First Fall Frost	1981	2010	28	1	28	93.3
Average Length of Frost-Free Period	1981	2010	28	1	28	93.3
Probability of last temperature in spring <= 0°C, on or after (Date)
10 %	1947	2010			62	96.9
25 %	1947	2010			62	96.9
33 %	1947	2010			62	96.9
50 %	1947	2010			62	96.9
66 %	1947	2010			62	96.9
75 %	1947	2010			62	96.9
90 %	1947	2010			62	96.9
Probability of first temperature in fall <= 0°C, on or before (Date)
10 %	1947	2010			62	96.9
25 %	1947	2010			62	96.9
33 %	1947	2010			62	96.9
50 %	1947	2010			62	96.9
66 %	1947	2010			62	96.9
75 %	1947	2010			62	96.9
90 %	1947	2010			62	96.9
Probability of frost-free period equal to or less than indicated period (Days)
10 %	1947	2010			62	96.9
25 %	1947	2010			62	96.9
33 %	1947	2010			62	96.9
50 %	1947	2010			62	96.9
66 %	1947	2010			62	96.9
75 %	1947	2010			62	96.9
90 %	1947	2010			62	96.9

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Canadian Climate Normals 1981-2010 Station Data

Temperature and Precipitation Graph for 1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals
MONTREAL/PIERRE ELLIOTT TRUDEAU INTL A

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Canadian Climate Normals 1981-2010 Station Data

Temperature and Precipitation Graph for 1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate NormalsMONTREAL/PIERRE ELLIOTT TRUDEAU INTL A

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Temperature and Precipitation Graph for 1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals
MONTREAL/PIERRE ELLIOTT TRUDEAU INTL A